Rysslands historiska bagage: (4) Den lågt utvecklade känslan för demokrati, rättsstat och liberala friheter
Den svaga äganderätten har sannolikt stor betydelse för att demokratin är ofullgången i det ryska samhället, det förstärks av andra fenomen i den ryska historien som till exempel livegenskapen. Om man jämför ryska livegna bönder utan egendom, inte ens lösöret var deras eget och kunde inte köpas och säljas fritt, med svenska bönder som varit fria från feodalt styre sedan urminnes tider, och med en utvecklad äganderätt av mark sedan sen vikingatid, lagfäst på 1200-talet, är det lätt att förstå att grogrunden för demokrati i meningen folkstyre aldrig har varit särskilt god i Ryssland. Och på köpet begriper man varför Sverige var ett av de länder i väst som tidigast utvecklade ett folkstyre.
Ryssland har inte heller historiskt, och det innefattar Sovjetperioden, haft en rättsstat i västerländsk mening, det vill säga polis, åklagare och domare som oväldigt följer de lagar som är beslutade. Framförallt har domstolarna i Ryssland historiskt gått maktens ärenden. Tsaren och andra höga makthavare har kunnat driva igenom domslut som passat. Samma sak gällde under Sovjetregimen.
Med det perspektivet ligger det i sakens natur att inte heller de klassiska liberala friheterna (yttrandefrihet, pressfrihet, religionsfrihet, mötesfrihet) historiskt har haft något stor utrymme i det ryska samhället. Med ett undantag. Under Gorbatjovs glasnost, en kort period i slutet av 1980-talet, gavs ryssarna i stort sett dessa friheter med ett katastrofalt resultat i meningen att det reformerade Sovjetsamhälle som Gorbatjov ville åstadkomma, helt enkelt gick inte klarade den granskning som yttrandefrihet och en fri press åstadkom. Sovjetunionen upplöstes, och Gorbatjov tvingades avgå, julen 1991. Tankeväckande nog har friheterna under glasnost sedan dess steg för steg kringskurits, inte minst under Vladimir Putins tredje presidentperiod.
Stefan Hedlund, professor i öststatsstudier vid Uppsala Universitet, har i sin bok Russian Path Dependence visat att Ryssland som samhälle har kollapsat tre gånger – 1610-13, 1917-18, och 1991 – och han hävdar att varje gång har landet återuppstått med fortsatt repression av medborgarna, med motstånd mot att införa en rättsstat och utan att åstadkomma demokrati. Han förklarar det med att dessa katastrofer ”have not altered the country´s underlying norms”. Det senare bör rimligtvis tolkas som att den ryske medborgaren bär med sig ett bagage av normer och värderingar som går på tvärs mot, i varje fall inte sätter högt värde på, likhet inför lagen och demokrati.
Litteratur:
Hedlund, S., 2012, Russian path dependence, Routledge, London;
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